Short answer: `BT30-ER40` is a BT30 machine-taper holder fitted with an ER40 collet chuck; it holds tools from 1 mm to 26 mm shank diameter. The BT30 end goes into the spindle (7:24 taper, JIS B 6339, pull stud M12), the ER40 end grips the tool.
Collet range is set by DIN 6499. A 12 mm end mill needs ER40 or larger; an ER40 will not close on a shank outside 1–26 mm.